[EAU 2016] 魏强教授: 转移灶切除术对转移性肾癌患者总生存率的影响

作者:  魏强   日期:2016/3/28 20:15:14  浏览量:26880

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肾细胞癌是起源于肾实质泌尿小管上皮系统的恶性肿瘤,简称肾癌,占肾恶性肿瘤的80%~90%,是我国十大恶性肿瘤之一。其中约20%~30%的肾癌在确诊时已发生转移,常见的转移器官为肺、骨、脑、肝脏等,发生转移的肾癌患者预后较差,生存期较短。

魏强  四川大学华西医院

 

  肾细胞癌是起源于肾实质泌尿小管上皮系统的恶性肿瘤,简称肾癌,占肾恶性肿瘤的80%~90%,是我国十大恶性肿瘤之一。其中约20%~30%的肾癌在确诊时已发生转移,常见的转移器官为肺、骨、脑、肝脏等,发生转移的肾癌患者预后较差,生存期较短。

 

  转移性肾细胞癌患者一直缺乏统一的治疗方案,随着靶向分子药物和免疫疗法的临床应用,转移性肾癌的生存预后得到了显著提高。目前,尽管转移性肾癌的治疗策略在过去十年中发生了深刻的变化,但基于转移灶切除术的评估证据极为有限。

 

  在第31届欧洲泌尿协会年度大会(EAU2016)上,来自美国布莱根妇女医院等单位的研究团队报道了“转移灶切除术对转移性肾细胞癌患者总生存率的影响”的相关研究。该团队筛查了1998~2012年美国国家癌症数据库中25455例转移性肾细胞癌患者,其中有5315例行转移灶切除术,同时对靶向治疗及免疫疗法进行相关分析。研究采用描述性和多因素Logistic回归对转移灶切除术的影响进行分析,年均变化百分比线性回归模型(EAPC)对靶向治疗、免疫疗法及转移灶切除术的影响进行评价,同时应用Kaplan-Meier曲线和修正后的Cox比例风险模型评估转移灶切除术对总生存率的影响。

 

  研究结果表明,相比于对照组,行转移灶切除术的患者往往更年轻,查尔森合并症指数(CCI)更低,有更多缴纳商业医疗保险的比率及更高的收入;这组患者更多在医疗中心就诊,且接受靶向及免疫治疗比率较低。近年来,接受转移灶切除术(9.9%~24.5%, EAPC 4.52, P<0.001)及靶向治疗(EAPC 3.08, P<0.001)的比率明显增加,而选择免疫治疗的比率明显下降(EAPC -12.9, P<0.001)。2006年后诊断的患者和商业医疗保险率与行转移灶切除术呈正相关。而年龄、黑色人种比率、选择免疫治疗和靶向治疗与转移灶切除术率呈负相关。联合转移灶切除术相比不切除转移灶或单纯采用靶向治疗有更好的生存受益。

 

  该研究显示,尽管靶向治疗后患者很少行转移灶切除术,但转移灶切除术能明显提高靶向治疗患者的生存获益。

 

  近年来,对转移性肾癌患者是否行手术治疗仍具争议,有学者认为,大部分转移性肾癌患者往往死于肿瘤转移灶而非原发灶,对转移性肾癌患者行姑息性肾切除术无法达到根治的效果,因此姑息性切除原发灶意义不大。而大多数学者认为在全身治疗前行肾脏肿瘤姑息性切除是有益的,他们认为切除原发灶可减少肿瘤进一步扩散及新转移灶的形成,并减少原发肿瘤引起的疼痛和出血,特别是对一般状况较好的患者切除原发灶肿瘤能够延长患者的生存时间。

 

  对于转移性肾癌,其是否行转移灶切除术主要取决于转移灶的位置、数目以及患者全身状况,但目前尚无统一的标准治疗方案,且外科手术主要是作为转移性肾癌的辅助性治疗手段。

 

  对于体能状态良好、低危险因素的转移性肾癌患者,对肾原发灶行减瘤手术可缓解症状、提高生存率。对根治性肾切除术后出现的孤立性转移瘤和肾癌伴发孤立性转移、身体状况良好的患者可考虑选择转移灶切除;对伴发转移的患者,若条件允许可考虑肾脏手术及转移灶切除术同时或分期进行。一项回顾性研究也表明转移灶完全切除后患者的5年生存率达到44%,而不完全切除其5年生存率仅为14%。

 

  然而对于合并疾病较多或者转移灶肿瘤负荷较大者则不宜行手术治疗,这类患者可推荐靶向药物治疗;同时,某些转移性非透明细胞癌或转移性透明细胞癌伴显著肉瘤样变的患者可考虑行化疗。

 

  上述研究表明,靶向治疗后行转移灶切除术可明显提高患者生存受益,但应在转移灶切除术前还是术后应用靶向治疗、靶向治疗后何时行转移灶切除术、如何评估靶向治疗后患者是否适宜转移灶切除术等问题仍然缺乏前瞻性、大样本、多中心临床研究,这些问题也困扰着临床医生,亟待解决。

 

研究摘要

 

755 Trends of metastasectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and their impact on overall survival

Introduction & Objectives: The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has profoundly changed over the last decade. There is little comprehensive evidence evaluating the role of metastasectomy (MSx) in in this context. We assessed trends and predictors of MSx and their impact on overall survival in a large national cohort.

Material & Methods: The National Cancer Data Base from 1998-2012 was queried to identify 25455 mRCC patients with 5315 undergoing MSx. Covariates included the application of targeted chemotherapy (CTX) and immunotherapy (ITX). Baseline descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses for prediction of MSx were conducted. Trends for chemo- (CTX) and immunotherapy (ITX) as well as MSx were assessed using the annual percent change linear regression technique (EAPC). Kaplan-Meier curves and adjusted Cox-proportional hazard models assessed the impact of MSx on overall survival.

Results: Compared to controls, MSx patients were significantly younger (p<0.001), had a lower CCI (p=0.03), more often private insurance (p=0.04) and a higher income (p<0.001). They were more often treated at an academic center (p<0.001), but less often received ITX/CTX (both p<0.001). The rates of MSx increased significantly over the years (9.9-24.5%, EAPC 4.52, p<0.001) while CTX (EAPC 3.08, p<0.001) increased and ITX decreased (EAPC -12.9, p<0.001). Diagnosis after 2006 (OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.02-1.23) and private insurance (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.14-1.79) were positive predictors of MSx, whereas increasing age (OR 0.98, 95%CI 0.98-0.99), black race (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.63-0.84), ITX (OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.68-0.94) and CTX (OR 0.75, 95% 0.69-0.82) were negatively associated with MSx. The combined treatment with MSx conferred a survival benefit compared to no MSx (HR 0.75, 95%CI 0.72-0.78) and CTX alone (HR 0.82, 95%CI 0.74-0.90).

Conclusions: The addition of MSx to CTX conferred a survival benefit in our study despite lower usage of MSx after CTX. This suggests a potential underutilization, which might be a consequence of underlying health care access disparities as implied by lower odds of receiving MSx in blacks and higher odds in privately insured patients.

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